孟良崮战役
1947年,国(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)党(dang)(dang)(dang)军统(tong)帅(shuai)部(bu)在(zai)其(qi)全面(mian)进(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)被(bei)打破后,被(bei)迫(po)改为(wei)集中兵力(li)对陕北(bei)和山东(dong)(dong)解(jie)放区(qu)进(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行重点(dian)进(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong),企图(tu)以(yi)钳形攻(gong)(gong)势聚歼中共中央和人民(min)解(jie)放军主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)于华北(bei)冀晋(jin)地区(qu)。3月下旬,国(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)党(dang)(dang)(dang)军对山东(dong)(dong)解(jie)放区(qu)的(de)(de)重点(dian)进(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)正式开始。4月初,华东(dong)(dong)野(ye)(ye)战(zhan)(zhan)军自焦济路(lu)南下,隐蔽配置于与国(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)党(dang)(dang)(dang)军方阵相对应的(de)(de)50 公里地带(dai),相距(ju)仅10公里左右。6日(ri),国(guo)(guo)(guo)民(min)党(dang)(dang)(dang)军派飞机对驻坦埠(bu)附近的(de)(de)华东(dong)(dong)野(ye)(ye)战(zhan)(zhan)军指挥(hui)部(bu)进(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行轰炸 ,19日(ri)发起了(le)(le)全面(mian)进(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)。华东(dong)(dong)野(ye)(ye)战(zhan)(zhan)军展(zhan)开了(le)(le)阻击战(zhan)(zhan)。华东(dong)(dong)野(ye)(ye)战(zhan)(zhan)军司令员(yuan)兼政(zheng)治委员(yuan)陈(chen)毅,副司令员(yuan)粟裕为(wei)创造战(zhan)(zhan)机,以(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)一部(bu)于23日(ri)起,首克泰安,继西捣宁(ning)阳,均因敌(di)未(wei)(wei)被(bei)调动,而(er)未(wei)(wei)能实现打援目的(de)(de)。乃(nai)回师东(dong)(dong)进(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)拟歼整(zheng)74师、整(zheng)11师,又均因第5军等部(bu)迅速靠近而(er)未(wei)(wei)成。
华东野战军(jun)(jun)在山东的(de)兵(bing)力有9个(ge)(ge)步兵(bing)纵(zong)队和一个(ge)(ge)特(te)种(zhong)兵(bing)纵(zong)队,约27万余人,与国民党军(jun)(jun)兵(bing)力相(xiang)比居于(yu)劣(lie)势。在华野处(chu)于(yu)内(nei)线防(fang)御,敌军(jun)(jun)处(chu)于(yu)外线,并采用大军(jun)(jun)密集、多路稳(wen)进(jin),形(xing)成重点进(jin)攻的(de)严(yan)重形(xing)势面前,陈(chen)、粟等华野首长(zhang)决定仍采用集中(zhong)优势兵(bing)力,各(ge)个(ge)(ge)歼灭(mie)敌人的(de)作战方针。但(dan)鉴于(yu)山东战场的(de)新(xin)形(xing)势,估计(ji)有利战机比过去要少得(de)多。因此,必(bi)须以(yi)机动灵活的(de)运动战去调动、分散敌军(jun)(jun),以(yi)创造各(ge)个(ge)(ge)歼敌的(de)战机。
从3月下旬(xun)至(zhi)5月上(shang)旬(xun)一个多月的(de)时间里,华东(dong)(dong)野(ye)(ye)战军(jun)主(zhu)(zhu)动出击,与敌进行了(le)几次接触和作战,但(dan)除了(le)4月下旬(xun)在泰安歼灭了(le)敌第72师主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)外,其余大量歼敌的(de)计划均未实现(xian)。 5月初,正当陈、粟(su)拟以3个纵队南(nan)下鲁(lu)南(nan)、苏(su)北,进一步调动敌军(jun)之(zhi)际,中央(yang)军(jun)委(wei)和毛泽东(dong)(dong)于(yu)4日(ri)(ri)、6日(ri)(ri)接连给陈、粟(su)发来(lai)两电,对华野(ye)(ye)的(de)作战提出了(le)重(zhong)要指导意见(jian)。 据此,华东(dong)(dong)野(ye)(ye)战军(jun)司(si)令员(yuan)兼政治委(wei)员(yuan)陈毅、副司(si)令员(yuan)粟(su)裕于(yu)5月上(shang)旬(xun)调整部署,将主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)东(dong)(dong)移,后撤一步;并以准备南(nan)下华中的(de)第2、第7纵队隐(yin)蔽集结于(yu)莒县地区,以进入(ru)鲁(lu)南(nan)的(de)第6纵队隐(yin)蔽在平(ping)邑附近地区,待机(ji)配合主(zhu)(zhu)力(li)作战。
华(hua)野(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)力东移后(hou)(hou),陈(chen)、粟曾(ceng)考(kao)虑两个歼(jian)(jian)敌(di)方(fang)案:(一(yi))如敌(di)放胆前进,即适时集中主(zhu)(zhu)力,择其一(yi)路歼(jian)(jian)灭之(zhi);(二)如敌(di)仍密(mi)集靠(kao)拢,龟(gui)缩不(bu)前,我(wo)军则(ze)再(zai)后(hou)(hou)退(tui)一(yi)步,以攻取潍县为(wei)饵,诱(you)歼(jian)(jian)援敌(di)。5月10日,陈(chen)、粟得悉汤(tang)恩伯第一(yi)兵(bing)团(tuan)的(de)(de)(de)第7军及48师先头部队(dui)进占了苗家区、界湖,并有续犯沂(yi)水的(de)(de)(de)消息(xi)。鉴于该敌(di)位于第一(yi)兵(bing)团(tuan)之(zhi)最右(you)翼,比(bi)较暴(bao)露,便于华(hua)野(ye)分割围(wei)歼(jian)(jian),因此,陈(chen)、粟决(jue)定以3个纵队(dui)的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)力视机打援。作战命(ming)令下达后(hou)(hou),粟裕反(fan)复(fu)考(kao)虑该敌(di)不(bu)是理想的(de)(de)(de)打击(ji)目标。因此,一(yi)面进行作战的(de)(de)(de)准备,一(yi)面密(mi)切观(guan)察战场的(de)(de)(de)形势,寻(xun)找(zhao)更合适的(de)(de)(de)战机。
华(hua)野(ye)(ye)主(zhu)力(li)东(dong)移后, 使蒋介石、陈诚产(chan)生了(le)错误(wu)判断(duan),误(wu)认为华(hua)野(ye)(ye)"攻(gong)(gong)势疲惫",可能继(ji)续向东(dong)北方向的(de)(de)淄(zi)川、博山方向撤退(tui)。遂于5月10日命(ming)令(ling)各(ge)部兼程前进(jin),跟(gen)踪追剿,以(yi)实现在鲁中(zhong)山区(qu)与华(hua)野(ye)(ye)主(zhu)力(li)决(jue)战(zhan)之目的(de)(de)。顾祝同(tong)转(zhuan)令(ling)3个兵(bing)(bing)团放胆向博山、沂水一线疾(ji)进(jin)。右翼(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)1兵(bing)(bing)团改变(bian)原定(ding)的(de)(de)稳扎稳打战(zhan)法(fa),不待第(di)(di)(di)(di)2、第(di)(di)(di)(di)3兵(bing)(bing)团统行动,即以(yi)整(zheng)编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)为骨干(gan),在整(zheng)编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)25、第(di)(di)(di)(di)83师(shi)的(de)(de)配(pei)合下(xia)(xia),于5月11日自垛庄、桃墟地(di)区(qu)进(jin)攻(gong)(gong)坦埠,企图乘(cheng)隙占领沂水至蒙阴公路(lu);另以(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)7军及整(zheng)编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)(di)48、第(di)(di)(di)(di)65师(shi)在左右两侧担任(ren)(ren)(ren)掩护。 5月11日,当日晚,华(hua)东(dong)野(ye)(ye)战(zhan)军侦(zhen)察部门获息汤恩(en)伯发(fa)给其部下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)部署电(dian),立即呈(cheng)送粟裕(yu)。 陈粟二(er)人(ren)连夜召开了(le)就(jiu)近第(di)(di)(di)(di)1、第(di)(di)(di)(di)4、第(di)(di)(di)(di)8、第(di)(di)(di)(di)9纵队及特种兵(bing)(bing)纵队领导人(ren)作战(zhan)会议,12 日晨下(xia)(xia)达了(le)以(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)1、第(di)(di)(di)(di)4、第(di)(di)(di)(di)6、第(di)(di)(di)(di)8、第(di)(di)(di)(di)9纵队担任(ren)(ren)(ren)割裂(lie)围歼整(zheng)74师(shi)的(de)(de)任(ren)(ren)(ren)务,以(yi)第(di)(di)(di)(di)2、第(di)(di)(di)(di)3、第(di)(di)(di)(di)7、第(di)(di)(di)(di)10纵队担任(ren)(ren)(ren)阻援任(ren)(ren)(ren)务的(de)(de)命(ming)令(ling),并(bing)决(jue)定(ding)战(zhan)役于13黄昏发(fa)起。
5月11~13日,整编第(di)74师在整编第(di)83,第(di)25师掩护下自垛庄北进至黄鹿寨、旧寨、野猪旺等(deng)地,被第(di)9纵队击退(tui),随后占领(ling)杨家寨、佛山角、马牧池(chi)等(deng)地,准备14日攻占坦(tan)埠。
5月13日上(shang)午(wu),敌3个师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又发起攻(gong)(gong)击(ji),至(zhi)下午(wu)4时惧歼后退(tui)至(zhi)黄(huang)斗(dou)顶山(shan)(shan)、重(zhong)山(shan)(shan)、马牧池。当晚,华东野战军第(di)(di)(di)1、第(di)(di)(di)8纵(zong)(zong)队(dui)以(yi)一部(bu)(bu)兵(bing)力在整编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)正面实旋阻(zu)击(ji),主(zhu)力从其两翼寻隙向纵(zong)(zong)深(shen)楔进(jin)。第(di)(di)(di)1纵(zong)(zong)队(dui)第(di)(di)(di)3师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)(zhan)曹庄及(ji)(ji)其以(yi)北高地(di),逼近蒙阴,构成对外正面阻(zu)击(ji)整编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)65师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);纵(zong)(zong)队(dui)主(zhu)力攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)(zhan)黄(huang)斗(dou)顶山(shan)(shan)、尧山(shan)(shan)、天马山(shan)(shan)、界牌等要(yao)点,割断了(le)整编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与整编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)25师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的联(lian)系,并(bing)歼整编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)25师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一部(bu)(bu),该师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)部(bu)(bu)缩回桃(tao)墟。第(di)(di)(di)8纵(zong)(zong)队(dui)主(zhu)力攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)(zhan)桃(tao)花山(shan)(shan)、磊石(shi)山(shan)(shan)、鼻子(zi)山(shan)(shan)等要(yao)点,割断了(le)整编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)与整编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)83师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的联(lian)系;一部(bu)(bu)占(zhan)(zhan)领盂良崮东南的横山(shan)(shan)老猫窝。同时,第(di)(di)(di)4、第(di)(di)(di)9纵(zong)(zong)队(dui)从正面发起攻(gong)(gong)击(ji),占(zhan)(zhan)领黄(huang)鹿(lu)寨、佛山(shan)(shan)及(ji)(ji)马牧池、隋家店一线,扼制了(le)整编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的进(jin)攻(gong)(gong)。第(di)(di)(di)6纵(zong)(zong)队(dui)由铜(tong)石(shi)地(di)区(qu)急(ji)速北上(shang),于14日晨(chen)抵达垛(duo)庄西南观上(shang)、白埠地(di)区(qu)。13日晚,整编(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)前沿(yan)据(ju)点遭(zao)到攻(gong)(gong)击(ji)时,张灵(ling)甫仍准(zhun)备于14日执行攻(gong)(gong)占(zhan)(zhan)坦埠的计划。
5月14日(ri)10时,张(zhang)灵甫得知天马山(shan)(shan)(shan),马牧池、磊石(shi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)等地(di)失守(shou)后,预(yu)感(gan)到有(you)(you)被围(wei)歼(jian)的危险,即仓促向盂良(liang)崮,垛庄方(fang)向撤退(tui),并组织一(yi)部(bu)兵(bing)力(li)进行反击。华(hua)(hua)东(dong)野战(zhan)军(jun)(jun)(jun)发(fa)现整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)南(nan)撤,立即乘胜猛攻(gong)。担任(ren)正面攻(gong)击的第(di)(di)(di)4、第(di)(di)(di)9纵(zong)队(dui)经(jing)彻夜(ye)攻(gong)击,进占(zhan)唐家峪子(zi)、赵家城子(zi)一(yi)线;第(di)(di)(di)6纵(zong)队(dui)在(zai)第(di)(di)(di)1纵(zong)队(dui)一(yi)部(bu)协同下,于15日(ri)拂晓攻(gong)占(zhan)垛庄,截断了整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)的退(tui)路;第(di)(di)(di)8纵(zong)队(dui)攻(gong)占(zhan)万泉山(shan)(shan)(shan),同第(di)(di)(di)1、第(di)(di)(di)6纵(zong)队(dui)打通了联(lian)系,在(zai)芦(lu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、孟良(liang)崮地(di)区形成了对(dui)整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74帅的四面包围(wei)。整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)被包围(wei),蒋介石(shi)、顾祝同虽感(gan)吃惊,但认为该师(shi)(shi)(shi)战(zhan)斗力(li)强,所处地(di)形有(you)(you)利,已控制(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)高点,必能坚守(shou),如果左右邻(lin)加(jia)速增(zeng)援(yuan),可造成与(yu)华(hua)(hua)东(dong)野战(zhan)军(jun)(jun)(jun)主力(li)决(jue)战(zhan)的机(ji)会。因此,除(chu)令(ling)整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)固(gu)守(shou)待援(yuan),牵制(zhi)(zhi)华(hua)(hua)东(dong)野战(zhan)军(jun)(jun)(jun)主力(li)外,严令(ling)新泰的整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)11师(shi)(shi)(shi)、蒙阴的整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)65师(shi)(shi)(shi)、桃(tao)墟的整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)25师(shi)(shi)(shi)、青(qing)鸵(tuo)寺的整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)83师(shi)(shi)(shi)以及河阳、汤头(tou)的第(di)(di)(di)7军(jun)(jun)(jun)、整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)48师(shi)(shi)(shi)等部(bu)迅速向整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)74师(shi)(shi)(shi)靠拢;并调(diao)第(di)(di)(di)5军(jun)(jun)(jun)自莱芜南(nan)下,整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)第(di)(di)(di)20师(shi)(shi)(shi)自大(da)汶口向蒙阴前进,企图用10个整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)(bian)师(shi)(shi)(shi)的兵(bing)力(li)在(zai)蒙阴、青(qing)驼寺地(di)区歼(jian)灭(mie)华(hua)(hua)东(dong)野战(zhan)军(jun)(jun)(jun)主力(li)。张(zhang)灵甫也认为建制(zhi)(zhi)尚完整(zheng),部(bu)队(dui)战(zhan)斗力(li)强,居(ju)于战(zhan)线中央,会得到左右邻(lin)的积极增(zeng)援(yuan),因此,一(yi)面请求(qiu)空投粮弹,一(yi)面调(diao)整(zheng)部(bu)署,同守(shou)待援(yuan)。
华(hua)东(dong)野(ye)战军指挥部(bu)(bu)鉴于(yu)蒋介(jie)石调动(dong)10个整(zheng)(zheng)编(bian)师(shi)的兵(bing)力来援,且多数已(yi)距盂(yu)良(liang)崮(gu)仅一至两天路程(cheng),有(you)的只有(you)十几(ji)公里,情况十分紧急(ji),如不能在(zai)短时间内歼(jian)灭整(zheng)(zheng)编(bian)第74师(shi),将陷(xian)入10个整(zheng)(zheng)编(bian)师(shi)的围攻之(zhi)中。为此,于(yu)15日令阻(zu)援部(bu)(bu)队坚决阻(zu)击各路援赦(she)(she),令主(zhu)攻部(bu)(bu)队不惜(xi)代价(jia)加速猛攻,一定要在(zai)援赦(she)(she)赶到(dao)之(zhi)前迅速歼(jian)灭整(zheng)(zheng)编(bian)第74师(shi)。
5月15日晨(chen),整(zheng)74师(shi)(shi)被(bei)围(wei)困(kun)于孟良崮为核心(xin)的(de)几个山(shan)头上,主要是520、东西(xi)540、600、610高地(di)(di),及芦山(shan)、雕(diao)窝等地(di)(di)。13时,华(hua)东野战(zhan)军(jun)发起总攻,各部(bu)队从四面(mian)八方多路(lu)突击,整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)第74师(shi)(shi)竭力(li)顽抗。激(ji)战(zhan)至16日上午,华(hua)东野战(zhan)军(jun)攻占雕(diao)窝、芦山(shan),整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)第74师(shi)(shi)主阵地(di)(di)全(quan)部(bu)丢失。下午天阴云低,能(neng)见(jian)度很(hen)差,华(hua)东野战(zhan)军(jun)以为整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)第74师(shi)(shi)已被(bei)全(quan)歼(jian),但在核算俘虏(lu)人数(shu)时,发现歼(jian)敌数(shu)与该师(shi)(shi)编(bian)(bian)制数(shu)相差万余人。部(bu)队随即严密搜(sou)索,终将整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)第74师(shi)(shi)及整(zheng)编(bian)(bian)第83师(shi)(shi)1个团余部(bu)全(quan)歼(jian),击毙张灵甫 。
16日(ri)16时半战斗结束时,华(hua)东野战军发(fa)现敌电台在活动,粟裕命令第(di)(di)4、第(di)(di)8、第(di)(di)9纵队对孟良崮、雕窝(wo)间的山谷进(jin)行(xing)搜索。至18时,共搜出匿敌7000余人。
在华东野战军主力(li)围(wei)歼整编第74师(shi)过程中,担任阻援任务的(de)(de)第2、第3、第7、第10纵队及鲁南(nan)、滨海(hai)等(deng)军区部队,积极(ji)牵制和阻击各(ge)路援敌。国民(min)党军各(ge)路援军,在蒋介石(shi)、顾祝同的(de)(de)再(zai)三严令(ling)下(xia)虽拼力(li)前进(jin)(jin),有的(de)(de)进(jin)(jin)至距(ju)盂(yu)良崮5公里处,炮弹(dan)已(yi)能打(da)到(dao)(dao)孟良崮,但由于(yu)遇到(dao)(dao)顽强阻击,不仅未(wei)能挽救(jiu)整编第74师(shi),而且遭到(dao)(dao)重大伤亡。
